Yield strength defines the minimum stress at which a material begins to undergo plastic deformation. Note that this indicator only applies to elastic materials. When a material is subjected to an external force, it initially undergoes elastic deformation. The characteristic of elastic deformation is that once the external force is removed, the material can return to its original size and shape. However, as the external force continues to increase, when a certain value is reached, the material gradually enters the plastic deformation stage. In this stage, even if the external force is removed, the material's original size and shape cannot be restored. Yield strength is the key indicator used to describe the strength at this transition point from elastic to plastic deformation.

Tensile strength, on the other hand, is the maximum stress a material can withstand when stretched until it fractures. As the steel yields and its internal grains rearrange, its ability to resist deformation gradually recovers. In this stage, although deformation intensifies rapidly, the stress also increases until it reaches its maximum value. However, once the stress exceeds this maximum value, the steel's resistance to deformation decreases significantly, and significant plastic deformation occurs in the most vulnerable areas, leading to a rapid reduction in the specimen's cross-section, resulting in necking and ultimately fracture. The maximum stress value that the steel can withstand during this process is called its tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength.

A higher yield-to-tensile strength ratio means a smaller gap between the steel's yield strength and tensile strength, resulting in reduced plasticity and increased brittleness. Conversely, a lower yield-to-tensile strength ratio allows the material to withstand the process from initial damage to final fracture for a longer period. Therefore, steel with high yield strength and a low yield-to-tensile strength ratio exhibits better safety characteristics.

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