Answers

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  What is the coating thickness for hot-dip galvanizing?

  The main factors affecting the coating thickness in hot-dip galvanizing design include: the composition of the base metal, the surface roughness of the steel, the content and distribution of active elements silicon and phosphorus in the steel, the internal stress of the steel, the geometric dimensions of the workpiece, and the hot-dip galvanizing process. Current international and domestic hot-dip galvanizing standards divide the sections according to the thickness of the steel. The average thickness and local thickness of the zinc coating should reach the corresponding thickness to determine the corrosion resistance of the zinc coating. For workpieces with different steel thicknesses, the time required to reach thermal equilibrium and zinc-iron exchange equilibrium varies, resulting in different coating thicknesses. Typically, electroplated zinc layers are 5-15μm thick, while hot-dip galvanized layers are generally 35μm or thicker, and can even reach 200μm.

  
  
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  What is the difference between yield strength and tensile strength in steel?

  Yield strength defines the minimum stress at which a material begins to undergo plastic deformation. Note that this indicator only applies to elastic materials. When a material is subjected to an external force, it initially undergoes elastic deformation. The characteristic of elastic deformation is that once the external force is removed, the material can return to its original size and shape. However, as the external force continues to increase, when a certain value is reached, the material gradually enters the plastic deformation stage. In this stage, even if the external force is removed, the material's original size and shape cannot be restored. Yield strength is the key indicator used to describe the strength at this transition point from elastic to plastic deformation.
  
  Tensile strength, on the other hand, is the maximum stress a material can withstand when stretched until it fractures. As the steel yields and its internal grains rearrange, its ability to resist deformation gradually recovers. In this stage, although deformation intensifies rapidly, the stress also increases until it reaches its maximum value. However, once the stress exceeds this maximum value, the steel's resistance to deformation decreases significantly, and significant plastic deformation occurs in the most vulnerable areas, leading to a rapid reduction in the specimen's cross-section, resulting in necking and ultimately fracture. The maximum stress value that the steel can withstand during this process is called its tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength.
  
  A higher yield-to-tensile strength ratio means a smaller gap between the steel's yield strength and tensile strength, resulting in reduced plasticity and increased brittleness. Conversely, a lower yield-to-tensile strength ratio allows the material to withstand the process from initial damage to final fracture for a longer period. Therefore, steel with high yield strength and a low yield-to-tensile strength ratio exhibits better safety characteristics.

  
  
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