In tool steels and high-speed steels, how do their elements provide the mechanical and physical properties we need in our applications? The most common elements are as follows:

CARBON (C): this is the most basic alloying element which enables steel to harden. Carbon combines with the other elements to form hard, wear-resistant carbides.
MANGANESE (Mn): controls hardenability in alloy cold work steels.
SILICON (Si): improves toughness in the shock resisting steels group. Added to hot work steels to raise critical points and reduce scaling tendencies. Added to O-6 & A-10 to form graphite.
CHROMIUM (Cr): controls hardenability and is added for abrasion resistance and hot hardness.
TUNGSTEN (W): provides red hardness and hard wear resistant carbides that are harder than chrome and iron carbides. Also used to improve hardenability in tool & high speed steels. Combines very well with molybdenum and vanadium.
MOLYBDENUM (Mo): molybdenum has double the potency of tungsten to provide red hardness resistance. Added to steels to improve hardenability.
VANADIUM (V): provides red hardness resistance. Vanadium carbides are harder than and more abrasion resistant than other carbides. Contributes to grain refinement when added in small quantities. Combines very well with other carbides.
COBALT (Co): greatly improves red hardness. Cobalt does not combine with other carbides as it does not form carbides and remains in solid solution.

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